MSBTE C Practicals Solved (312303)

Practical 1Compulsory

Install and study the C programming environment

Aim: Install a C compiler and editor, write the first program, compile it and run it.

QInstall a C development environment and run a "Hello" program.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Download "codeblocks-xx.xxmingw-setup.exe" from codeblocks.org (the file with "mingw" includes the GCC compiler).
Run the setup → Next → I Agree → Full installation → Install.
Open Code::Blocks → File → New → Empty file. Save it as hello.c.
Type the program below and press F9 (Build and run).
A black console window shows the output.

Output

Hello, I have installed Code::Blocks!

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    printf("Hello, I have installed Code::Blocks!\n");
    return 0;
}

Install MinGW-w64 (e.g. from winlibs.com), extract it to C:\mingw64.
Add C:\mingw64\bin to the PATH: Start → "Edit environment variables" → Path → New.
Open Command Prompt and check: gcc --version
Install VS Code and the "C/C++" extension. Create first.c and type the program.
Compile: gcc first.c -o first Run: first

Output

C environment ready.
Compiler: GCC

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
    printf("C environment ready.\n");
    printf("Compiler: GCC\n");
    return 0;
}

Open onlinegdb.com and select Language: C from the top right.
Delete the sample code and type the program below.
Click Run. The output appears in the panel at the bottom.
Click Save / Download to keep a copy of main.c.
Use this only for practice; the lab exam is done on the installed compiler.

Output

Welcome to C programming
Practical 1 completed

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    printf("Welcome to C programming\n");
    printf("Practical 1 completed\n");
    return 0;
}

🎤 Viva questions (5)

Q. What is an IDE?: A. Integrated Development Environment — editor, compiler and debugger in one software.
Q. What is the use of #include <stdio.h>?: A. It includes the header file that declares printf() and scanf().
Q. Why does main() return 0?: A. 0 tells the operating system that the program finished successfully.
Q. What is the extension of a C source file?: A. .c
Q. Name the steps from source code to output.: A. Edit → Preprocess → Compile → Link → Run.

Practical 2

C programs using constants and variables

Aim: Declare variables of different data types, use constants with const and #define, and print their values.

QWrite a C program using constants and variables.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter radius of circle: 7
Area of circle = 153.94

#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.14159

int main()
{
    float radius, area;

    printf("Enter radius of circle: ");

Output

Enter principal amount: 25000
Enter number of years: 3
Rate = 7.5 %
Simple interest = 5625.00

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    const float RATE = 7.5;   /* rate of interest cannot change */
    float principal, interest;
    int years;

Output

Roll No   : 23   (4 bytes)
Marks     : 87.5 (4 bytes)
Average   : 81.456789 (8 bytes)
Grade     : A    (1 byte)
Max marks : 100 (constant)

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int    rollNo  = 23;
    float  marks   = 87.5f;
    double average = 81.456789;
    char   grade   = 'A';

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. What is a variable?: A. A named memory location whose value can change while the program runs.
Q. Difference between #define and const?: A. #define is replaced by the preprocessor and has no type; const is a typed variable that cannot be changed.
Q. What are the rules for naming a variable?: A. Letters, digits and _ only; cannot start with a digit; no keywords; case sensitive.
Q. Size of int, float and char in GCC?: A. int 4 bytes, float 4 bytes, char 1 byte.

Practical 3Compulsory

Arithmetic operators

Aim: Use +, -, *, / and % to solve arithmetic problems.

QWrite a C program using arithmetic operators to solve the given arithmetic operations.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter two numbers: 17 5
17 + 5 = 22
17 - 5 = 12
17 * 5 = 85
17 / 5 = 3
17 % 5 = 2

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a, b;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");
    scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

Output

Enter time in seconds: 7385
7385 seconds = 2 hr 3 min 5 sec

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int total, hours, minutes, seconds;

    printf("Enter time in seconds: ");
    scanf("%d", &total);

Output

Enter marks of 3 subjects (out of 100): 78 65 91
Total      = 234
Average    = 78.00
Percentage = 78.00 %

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int m1, m2, m3, total;
    float average, percent;

    printf("Enter marks of 3 subjects (out of 100): ");

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. List the arithmetic operators in C.: A. + - * / %
Q. What does % do?: A. Gives the remainder of integer division.
Q. What is 7 / 2 in C when both are int?: A. 3, because integer division drops the decimal part.
Q. Can % be used with float?: A. No, % works only with integer operands; use fmod() for decimals.

Practical 4

Implicit and explicit data type conversion

Aim: See how C converts data types automatically (implicit) and how we force a conversion with a cast (explicit).

QWrite a C program using implicit and explicit data type conversion.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

total + f        = 9.50
total / count    = 3.00 (wrong)
(float) total / count = 3.50 (correct)

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int total = 7, count = 2;
    float f = 2.5;

    float sum = total + f;            /* implicit: int -> float */

Output

Enter a capital letter: G
ASCII value of G = 71
Small letter      = g
Next letter       = H

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char ch;
    int code;

    printf("Enter a capital letter: ");

Output

Enter price: 45.78
Price           = 45.78
Only rupees     = 45
Rounded rupees  = 46
Paise part      = 78

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    float price;
    int rupees, rounded;

    printf("Enter price: ");

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. What is implicit type conversion?: A. Automatic conversion done by the compiler, e.g. int to float in a mixed expression.
Q. What is explicit type conversion?: A. Conversion forced by the programmer using a cast, e.g. (float) x.
Q. What is type promotion?: A. Converting a smaller type to a bigger type (char → int → float → double) to avoid data loss.
Q. What happens when float is cast to int?: A. The decimal part is removed (truncation).

Practical 5Compulsory

Formatted input / output statements

Aim: Accept student details with scanf and print them neatly with printf format specifiers.

QWrite a well-commented C program using formatted I/O: Name, Roll No, Percentage (2 decimals), Date of Birth (DD/MM/YYYY), Branch, College.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter name: Priya
Enter roll number: 23
Enter percentage: 82.456
Enter date of birth (DD/MM/YYYY): 05/08/2007
Enter branch: CO
Enter college: Government Polytechnic Nanded

----- Student Details -----
Name          : Priya
Roll No       : 23
Percentage    : 82.46
Date of Birth : 05/08/2007
Branch        : CO
College       : Government Polytechnic Nanded

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char name[30], branch[10], college[60];
    int roll, dd, mm, yyyy;
    float percent;

Output

Name: Rahul
Roll No: 7
Percentage: 76.5
DOB (DD/MM/YYYY): 14/11/2006
Branch: IF
College: MGM Polytechnic

+----------------+----------------------+
| Name           | Rahul                |
| Roll No        | 7                    |
| Percentage     | 76.50                |
| Date of Birth  | 14/11/2006           |
| Branch         | IF                   |
| College        | MGM Polytechnic      |
+----------------+----------------------+

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char name[30], branch[10], college[60];
    int roll, d, m, y;
    float per;

Output

Enter: name roll percentage DD/MM/YYYY branch
> Sneha 41 91.2 23/01/2007 CM

Name: Sneha | Roll: 41 | %: 91.20
DOB: 23/01/2007 | Branch: CM
College: Government Polytechnic, Nanded

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char name[30], branch[10];
    int roll, dd, mm, yy, n;
    float per;
    const char *college = "Government Polytechnic, Nanded";

🎤 Viva questions (5)

Q. What is the difference between printf and scanf?: A. printf prints output; scanf reads input from the keyboard.
Q. Why do we use & in scanf?: A. scanf needs the address of the variable to store the value; arrays (strings) already give an address.
Q. What does %.2f mean?: A. Print a float with 2 digits after the decimal point.
Q. How to read a string with spaces?: A. Use %[^\n] in scanf or fgets().
Q. List common format specifiers.: A. %d int, %f float, %lf double, %c char, %s string.

Practical 6Compulsory

Relational and conditional operator

Aim: Compare values with relational operators (<, >, <=, >=, ==, !=) and choose a result with the conditional operator ?:

Q1Program 1: use relational operators.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter two numbers: 12 20
12 <  20 : 1
12 >  20 : 0
12 <= 20 : 1
12 >= 20 : 0
12 == 20 : 0
12 != 20 : 1

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a, b;
    printf("Enter two numbers: ");
    scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

Output

Enter age: 17
Enter 10th marks (%): 62
Age 16 or more?      Yes
Marks above 35?      Yes
Marks exactly 100?   No

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int age, marks;
    printf("Enter age: ");
    scanf("%d", &age);
    printf("Enter 10th marks (%%): ");

Output

Enter first letter: m
Enter second letter: k
ASCII: m = 109, k = 107
m comes after k ? 1
Same letter ?       0

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char x, y;
    printf("Enter first letter: ");
    scanf(" %c", &x);
    printf("Enter second letter: ");

Q2Program 2: use the conditional (ternary) operator.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter two numbers: 45 78
Largest number = 78

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a, b, large;
    printf("Enter two numbers: ");
    scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

Output

Enter a number: 27
27 is ODD

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

Output

Enter three numbers: 34 91 56
Largest of 34, 91, 56 = 91

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a, b, c, max;
    printf("Enter three numbers: ");
    scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. List the relational operators.: A. < > <= >= == !=
Q. Difference between = and ==?: A. = assigns a value; == compares two values.
Q. What is the conditional operator?: A. The ternary operator ?: — condition ? expr1 : expr2.
Q. Why is it called ternary?: A. Because it takes three operands.

Practical 7Compulsory

Logical operators

Aim: Combine conditions with logical AND (&&), OR (||) and NOT (!).

Q1Program 1: use logical AND and OR.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter theory and practical marks: 55 32
Result: FAIL

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int theory, practical;
    printf("Enter theory and practical marks: ");
    scanf("%d %d", &theory, &practical);

Output

Enter day number (1=Mon ... 7=Sun): 7
Day 7 is a weekend. Enjoy!

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int day;
    printf("Enter day number (1=Mon ... 7=Sun): ");
    scanf("%d", &day);

Output

Enter a year: 2024
2024 is a LEAP year

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int year;
    printf("Enter a year: ");
    scanf("%d", &year);

Q2Program 2: use logical NOT.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter a number: 15
15 is not even, so it is ODD

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

Output

 a  b | a&&b  a||b  !a
------+-----------------
 0  0 |  0     0    1
 0  1 |  0     1    1
 1  0 |  0     1    0
 1  1 |  1     1    0

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a, b;
    printf(" a  b | a&&b  a||b  !a\n");
    printf("------+-----------------\n");
    for (a = 0; a <= 1; a++)

Output

Enter 4 digit PIN: 2468
Login successful

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int pin, blocked = 0;
    printf("Enter 4 digit PIN: ");
    scanf("%d", &pin);

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. List the logical operators.: A. && (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT).
Q. What is short-circuit evaluation?: A. In a && b, if a is false, b is not checked; in a || b, if a is true, b is not checked.
Q. What does !5 give?: A. 0, because any non-zero value is true and NOT true is false.
Q. Difference between & and &&?: A. & is bitwise AND on bits; && is logical AND on conditions.

Practical 8

Bitwise operators

Aim: Work on the individual bits of numbers with &, |, ^, ~, << and >>.

Q1Program 1: use &, | and ^.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter two numbers: 12 10
12 & 10 = 8
12 | 10 = 14
12 ^ 10 = 6

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a, b;
    printf("Enter two numbers: ");
    scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

Output

Enter a number: 37
37 is ODD (last bit is 1)

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

Output

Enter x and y: 25 40
Before swap: x = 25, y = 40
After swap : x = 40, y = 25

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int x, y;
    printf("Enter x and y: ");
    scanf("%d %d", &x, &y);
    printf("Before swap: x = %d, y = %d\n", x, y);

Q2Program 2: use ~, << and >>.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter a number: 20
20 << 1 = 40 (multiply by 2)
20 << 3 = 160 (multiply by 8)
20 >> 1 = 10 (divide by 2)
20 >> 2 = 5 (divide by 4)

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

Output

Enter a number: 9
~9 = -10
Check: -(9 + 1) = -10

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

Output

Enter a number (0-255): 45
Binary of 45 = 00101101

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n, i;
    printf("Enter a number (0-255): ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. List the bitwise operators.: A. & | ^ ~ << >>
Q. What is 5 & 3?: A. 1 (0101 & 0011 = 0001).
Q. Use of left shift?: A. Multiplies a number by powers of 2, e.g. n << 1 = n × 2.
Q. Difference between ~ and !?: A. ~ flips every bit; ! gives 0 or 1 for a whole condition.

Practical 9

Simple if and if...else statement

Aim: Make decisions with if and if...else.

Q1Program 1: use a simple if statement.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter bill amount: 1500
Amount to pay = 1350.00

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    float bill;
    printf("Enter bill amount: ");
    scanf("%f", &bill);

Output

Enter a number: -25
Absolute value = 25

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

Output

Lectures attended and total lectures: 58 80
Attendance = 72.5%
Warning: attendance below 75%.
You may not be allowed in the exam.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int attended, total;
    float percent;
    printf("Lectures attended and total lectures: ");
    scanf("%d %d", &attended, &total);

Q2Program 2: use an if...else statement.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter a number: -8
-8 is NEGATIVE

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

Output

Enter your age: 15
You can vote after 3 year(s).

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int age;
    printf("Enter your age: ");
    scanf("%d", &age);

Output

Enter two numbers: 64 64
Both numbers are equal

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a, b;
    printf("Enter two numbers: ");
    scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. Syntax of if...else?: A. if (condition) { statements } else { statements }
Q. Is a semicolon allowed after if (condition)?: A. It compiles, but it ends the if — the next statement then always runs. It is a common mistake.
Q. When do we need curly braces?: A. When more than one statement belongs to the if or else.
Q. What value does C treat as true?: A. Any non-zero value.

Practical 10Compulsory

Nested if...else and else-if ladder

Aim: Handle many conditions with nested if...else and the else-if ladder.

Q1Program 1: use a nested if...else.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter three numbers: 23 67 41
Largest = 67

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a, b, c;
    printf("Enter three numbers: ");
    scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);

Output

Enter user id: 101
Enter password: 4321
Welcome, Admin!

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int user, pass;
    printf("Enter user id: ");
    scanf("%d", &user);

Output

Enter three sides: 5 5 8
Isosceles triangle

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a, b, c;
    printf("Enter three sides: ");
    scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);

Q2Program 2: use an else-if ladder (grade of student: Distinction >75, A >60, B >55, Pass >40, Fail <40).

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter percentage: 68.5
Grade: A

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    float per;
    printf("Enter percentage: ");
    scanf("%f", &per);

Output

Enter marks of 5 subjects: 72 81 66 90 58
Total = 367, Percentage = 73.40
Result: First class (A)

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int m[5], i, total = 0;
    float per;
    printf("Enter marks of 5 subjects: ");
    for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

Output

Enter percentage (0-100): 39
39.0% -> Fail

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    float p;
    printf("Enter percentage (0-100): ");
    scanf("%f", &p);

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. What is a nested if?: A. An if statement written inside another if or else block.
Q. What is an else-if ladder?: A. A chain of if, else if, ..., else where only the first true block runs.
Q. What is the dangling else problem?: A. An else always pairs with the nearest unmatched if; braces avoid confusion.
Q. Ladder vs switch?: A. A ladder can test ranges and any condition; switch tests one value against constant cases.

Practical 11Compulsory

Switch statement

Aim: Choose one of many actions using switch, case, break and default.

QDevelop a C program using a switch statement.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter expression (e.g. 8 * 3): 8 * 3
Result = 24.00

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    float a, b;
    char op;
    printf("Enter expression (e.g. 8 * 3): ");
    scanf("%f %c %f", &a, &op, &b);

Output

Enter a letter: E
E is a VOWEL

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char ch;
    printf("Enter a letter: ");
    scanf(" %c", &ch);

Output

1. Circle  2. Rectangle  3. Triangle
Enter choice: 2
Enter length and breadth: 12 7.5
Area = 90.00

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int choice;
    float x, y;
    printf("1. Circle  2. Rectangle  3. Triangle\n");
    printf("Enter choice: ");

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. Which data types are allowed in switch?: A. Integer types and char (not float or string).
Q. What happens if break is missing?: A. Execution falls through into the next case.
Q. Is default compulsory?: A. No, but it is good practice to handle unexpected values.
Q. Can two cases have the same value?: A. No, it gives a compile error.

Practical 12Compulsory

Month name from number using switch

Aim: Print the English month name for a number 1–12 using switch.

QWrite a C program to print the month name for a given number (input 4 → "April").

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter month number (1-12): 4
April

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int m;
    printf("Enter month number (1-12): ");
    scanf("%d", &m);

Output

Enter month number: 9
September has 30 days

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int m, days = 0;
    printf("Enter month number: ");
    scanf("%d", &m);

Output

Enter month number: 7
Month: July
Season: Monsoon

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int m;
    const char *names[] = {"", "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June",
                           "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"};
    printf("Enter month number: ");

🎤 Viva questions (3)

Q. Can switch use a string like "April"?: A. No, C switch works only with integer or char values.
Q. What is fall-through?: A. When a case has no break, the next case also runs.
Q. Why use default?: A. To handle invalid input such as 13.

Practical 13Compulsory

while loop and do...while loop

Aim: Repeat statements with while (entry-controlled) and do...while (exit-controlled) loops.

Q1Program 1: use a while loop.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter a number: 4521
Sum of digits = 12

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n, sum = 0;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

Output

Enter a number: 12345
Reversed number = 54321

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n, rev = 0;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

Output

Enter a number: 7
7 x  1 = 7
7 x  2 = 14
7 x  3 = 21
7 x  4 = 28
7 x  5 = 35
7 x  6 = 42
7 x  7 = 49
7 x  8 = 56
7 x  9 = 63
7 x 10 = 70

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n, i = 1;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

Q2Program 2: use a do...while loop.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output


1. Square  2. Cube  3. Exit
Choice: 1
Enter number: 6
Square = 36

1. Square  2. Cube  3. Exit
Choice: 2
Enter number: 3
Cube = 27

1. Square  2. Cube  3. Exit
Choice: 3
Bye!

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int ch, n;
    do {
        printf("\n1. Square  2. Cube  3. Exit\nChoice: ");
        scanf("%d", &ch);

Output

Enter a number (0 to stop): 15
Enter a number (0 to stop): 20
Enter a number (0 to stop): 7
Enter a number (0 to stop): 0
You entered 3 numbers. Sum = 42

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n, sum = 0, count = 0;
    do {
        printf("Enter a number (0 to stop): ");
        scanf("%d", &n);

Output

Enter a number: 908172
Number of digits = 6

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    long n;
    int count = 0;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%ld", &n);

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. Difference between while and do...while?: A. while checks first (may run 0 times); do...while checks after (runs at least once).
Q. What is an infinite loop?: A. A loop whose condition never becomes false, e.g. while(1).
Q. Which loop is exit-controlled?: A. do...while.
Q. Why is a semicolon needed after do...while?: A. Because while (condition); ends the do...while statement.

Practical 14

for loop

Aim: Use the for loop where initialization, condition and update are written in one line.

QImplement C programs using a for loop (e.g. print numbers 1 to 100).

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10
  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20
  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30
  31  32  33  34  35  36  37  38  39  40
  41  42  43  44  45  46  47  48  49  50
  51  52  53  54  55  56  57  58  59  60
  61  62  63  64  65  66  67  68  69  70
  71  72  73  74  75  76  77  78  79  80
  81  82  83  84  85  86  87  88  89  90
  91  92  93  94  95  96  97  98  99 100

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int i;
    for (i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
        printf("%4d", i);
        if (i % 10 == 0)

Output

Enter a number: 10
10! = 3628800

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n, i;
    long long fact = 1;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

Output

Enter start and end: 11 30
Even numbers: 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 
Sum of even numbers = 210

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int start, end, i, sum = 0;
    printf("Enter start and end: ");
    scanf("%d %d", &start, &end);

🎤 Viva questions (3)

Q. Syntax of for loop?: A. for (initialization; condition; update) { body }
Q. Can we leave parts of for empty?: A. Yes, for(;;) is an infinite loop.
Q. for vs while?: A. for is used when the number of repetitions is known; while when it depends on a condition.

Practical 15Compulsory

Patterns using loops

Aim: Print star and number patterns using nested loops.

QPrint various patterns using loops (star pattern).

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter number of rows: 5
* 
* * 
* * * 
* * * * 
* * * * *

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int rows, i, j;
    printf("Enter number of rows: ");
    scanf("%d", &rows);

Output

Enter number of rows: 5
    *
   ***
  *****
 *******
*********

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int rows, i, j;
    printf("Enter number of rows: ");
    scanf("%d", &rows);

Output

Enter half height: 4
   *
  ***
 *****
*******
 *****
  ***
   *

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int n, i, j;
    printf("Enter half height: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

🎤 Viva questions (3)

Q. What is a nested loop?: A. A loop inside another loop.
Q. In a pattern, what does the outer loop control?: A. The number of rows.
Q. How many stars in row i of a pyramid?: A. 2 × i − 1.

Practical 16Compulsory

One-dimensional array

Aim: Store many values of the same type in a 1-D array and process them with a loop.

QImplement C programs using a one-dimensional array (e.g. input 5 numbers, display the sum).

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter 5 numbers: 12 7 25 9 14
Numbers: 12 7 25 9 14 
Sum = 67, Average = 13.40

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a[5], i, sum = 0;
    printf("Enter 5 numbers: ");
    for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        scanf("%d", &a[i]);

Output

How many numbers? 6
Enter 6 numbers: 45 12 78 3 56 21
Largest = 78, Smallest = 3

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a[50], n, i, max, min;
    printf("How many numbers? ");
    scanf("%d", &n);
    printf("Enter %d numbers: ", n);

Output

Array: 14 27 9 63 41 8 35 
Enter number to search: 63
63 found at position 4

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a[] = {14, 27, 9, 63, 41, 8, 35};
    int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);
    int key, i, found = -1;

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. What is an array?: A. A collection of elements of the same data type stored in continuous memory.
Q. What is the index of the first element?: A. 0.
Q. How to find the number of elements?: A. sizeof(array) / sizeof(array[0]).
Q. What happens if we access a[10] in int a[5]?: A. Out of bounds — undefined behaviour; C does not check it.

Practical 17Compulsory

Two-dimensional array

Aim: Store a table (matrix) in a 2-D array and perform matrix operations.

QImplement C programs using a two-dimensional array (e.g. addition of two 3×3 matrices).

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter matrix A (9 numbers):
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Enter matrix B (9 numbers):
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
A + B =
  10  10  10
  10  10  10
  10  10  10

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a[3][3], b[3][3], c[3][3], i, j;
    printf("Enter matrix A (9 numbers):\n");
    for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
    printf("Enter matrix B (9 numbers):\n");

Output

Matrix:
  1  2  3
  4  5  6
  7  8  9
Transpose:
  1  4  7
  2  5  8
  3  6  9

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a[3][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9} };
    int i, j;

    printf("Matrix:\n");

Output

Enter matrix A (4 numbers): 1 2 3 4
Enter matrix B (4 numbers): 5 6 7 8
A x B =
   19   22
   43   50

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a[2][2], b[2][2], c[2][2] = {0}, i, j, k;
    printf("Enter matrix A (4 numbers): ");
    for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
    printf("Enter matrix B (4 numbers): ");

🎤 Viva questions (3)

Q. How is a 2-D array stored in memory?: A. Row by row (row-major order) in continuous memory.
Q. Condition for multiplying matrices?: A. Columns of the first must equal rows of the second.
Q. How to declare a 2-D array?: A. type name[rows][columns]; e.g. int a[3][3];

Practical 18Compulsory

String length and reverse without library functions

Aim: Work with strings as character arrays ending with \0, without using strlen() or strrev().

Q1i) Find the length of a string without strlen().

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter a word: Polytechnic
Length of "Polytechnic" = 11

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char s[100];
    int len = 0;
    printf("Enter a word: ");
    scanf("%99s", s);

Output

Enter a sentence: I love C programming
Total characters = 20
Without spaces   = 17

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char s[100];
    int i, len = 0, spaces = 0;
    printf("Enter a sentence: ");
    scanf(" %99[^\n]", s);

Output

Enter a word: Nanded
Length = 6

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char s[100], *p;
    printf("Enter a word: ");
    scanf("%99s", s);

Q2ii) Reverse a string without strrev().

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter a word: Computer
Reverse: retupmoC

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char s[100];
    int len = 0, i;
    printf("Enter a word: ");
    scanf("%99s", s);

Output

Enter a word: Diploma
Reversed string: amolpiD

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char s[100], t;
    int i = 0, j = 0;
    printf("Enter a word: ");
    scanf("%99s", s);

Output

Enter a word: madam
Reverse = madam
madam is a palindrome

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char s[100], r[100];
    int len = 0, i, same = 1;
    printf("Enter a word: ");
    scanf("%99s", s);

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. What is the null character?: A. '\0' — it marks the end of a string.
Q. Size needed for "HELLO"?: A. 6 bytes: 5 letters + 1 for \0.
Q. Why use %[^\n] in scanf?: A. To read a string that contains spaces.
Q. Name standard string functions.: A. strlen, strcpy, strcat, strcmp (and strrev in some compilers).

Practical 19

Structure in C

Aim: Group related data of different types under one name using struct.

QImplement a structure in C (e.g. add and subtract complex numbers using a structure).

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter first complex number (real imag): 3.5 2
Enter second complex number (real imag): 1.5 4
Sum        = 5.0 + 6.0i
Difference = 2.0 - 2.0i

#include <stdio.h>

struct complex {
    float real;
    float imag;
};

int main()

Output

Enter roll, name and marks: 12 Aditi 74.5

Roll  : 12
Name  : Aditi
Marks : 74.50
Result: Pass
Size of structure = 40 bytes

#include <stdio.h>

struct student {
    int roll;
    char name[30];
    float marks;
};

Output

Enter distance 1 (feet inch): 5 9
Enter distance 2 (feet inch): 3 8
Total = 9 feet 5 inch

#include <stdio.h>

struct distance {
    int feet;
    int inch;
};

struct distance add(struct distance x, struct distance y)

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. What is a structure?: A. A user-defined data type that groups variables of different types.
Q. How to access a member?: A. With the dot operator: variable.member (arrow -> with a pointer).
Q. Structure vs array?: A. An array stores the same type; a structure can store different types.
Q. Keyword to define a structure?: A. struct.

Practical 20Compulsory

Array of structure

Aim: Store records of many people using an array of structures.

QImplement an array of structure (e.g. accept and display information of 10 employees).

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

How many employees (max 10)? 3
Employee 1 - id name salary: 101 Ravi 25000
Employee 2 - id name salary: 102 Meena 31000
Employee 3 - id name salary: 103 Arjun 28500

ID    Name             Salary
101   Ravi           25000.00
102   Meena          31000.00
103   Arjun          28500.00

#include <stdio.h>

struct employee {
    int id;
    char name[20];
    float salary;
};

Output

Number of employees: 4
id name salary: 11 Kiran 22000
id name salary: 12 Pooja 41000
id name salary: 13 Sahil 35000
id name salary: 14 Neha 39000

Highest paid: Pooja (ID 12) - Rs. 41000.00

#include <stdio.h>

struct employee { int id; char name[20]; float salary; };

int main()
{
    struct employee e[10];
    int n, i, top = 0;

Output

Books by price:
1. DBMS            Rs. 380
2. Networking      Rs. 410
3. C_Programming   Rs. 450
4. Python          Rs. 499
5. Java            Rs. 520

#include <stdio.h>

struct book { char title[25]; float price; };

int main()
{
    struct book b[5] = {
        {"C_Programming", 450}, {"Java", 520}, {"DBMS", 380},

🎤 Viva questions (3)

Q. What is an array of structure?: A. An array whose every element is a structure variable.
Q. How to access the name of the 3rd employee?: A. e[2].name
Q. Can we assign one structure to another?: A. Yes, if both are of the same structure type.

Practical 21Compulsory

Built-in mathematical and string functions

Aim: Use library functions from math.h and string.h.

Q1Program 1: use built-in mathematical functions.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter a number: 20.25
sqrt(20.25)  = 4.5000
pow(20.25,3) = 8303.77
ceil(20.25)  = 21
floor(20.25) = 20
abs(-20)     = 20

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
    double x;
    printf("Enter a number: ");

Output

Enter sides a and b of a right triangle: 6 8
Hypotenuse = 10.00
Area       = 24.00

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main()
{
    double a, b, c, s, area;
    printf("Enter sides a and b of a right triangle: ");
    scanf("%lf %lf", &a, &b);

Output

Principal, rate (%), years: 10000 8 3
Amount   = 12597.12
Interest = 2597.12
Rounded  = 12597

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main()
{
    double p, r, amount;
    int n;
    printf("Principal, rate (%%), years: ");

Q2Program 2: use built-in string functions.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter two words: Ananda Tech
Length of Ananda = 6
Joined   = AnandaTech
Words are different (strcmp = -1)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
    char a[50], b[50], c[100];
    printf("Enter two words: ");
    scanf("%49s %49s", a, b);

Output

Enter a word: Room204B
Letters = 5, Digits = 3
Upper case: ROOM204B
Lower case: room204b

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
    char s[100];
    int i, digits = 0, letters = 0;

Output

Enter a sentence: Learn C at Ananda Technologies
Word to search: Ananda
"Ananda" found at position 12
First space at position 6

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
    char line[100], word[30];
    char *p;
    printf("Enter a sentence: ");

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. Header file for sqrt()?: A. math.h (link with -lm on Linux).
Q. Difference between strcpy and strcat?: A. strcpy copies a string; strcat appends to the end of another.
Q. What does strcmp return for equal strings?: A. 0.
Q. ceil(4.2) and floor(4.8)?: A. ceil(4.2) = 5, floor(4.8) = 4.

Practical 22Compulsory

User-defined functions

Aim: Divide a program into functions with declaration, definition, call and return value.

QWrite a C program to demonstrate user-defined functions.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Welcome to functions!
Enter a number: 6
Enter a number: 9
Square of 6 = 36
Sum = 15

#include <stdio.h>

void greet(void);                 /* no argument, no return */
void square(int n);               /* argument, no return    */
int  readNumber(void);            /* no argument, return    */
int  add(int a, int b);           /* argument and return    */

int main()

Output

1. Simple interest  2. Area of circle
Choice: 1
Principal rate years: 50000 6 2
Interest = 6000.00

#include <stdio.h>

float simpleInterest(float p, float r, int n) { return p * r * n / 100; }
float circleArea(float r)                     { return 3.14159f * r * r; }

int main()
{
    int ch, n;

Output

Enter range (start end): 10 50
Prime numbers: 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 
Total primes = 11

#include <stdio.h>

int isPrime(int n)
{
    int i;
    if (n < 2) return 0;
    for (i = 2; i * i <= n; i++)
        if (n % i == 0) return 0;

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. What is a function prototype?: A. A declaration that gives the function name, return type and parameter types.
Q. Actual vs formal parameters?: A. Actual parameters are passed in the call; formal parameters receive them in the definition.
Q. What is call by value?: A. A copy of the value is passed, so changes inside the function do not affect the original.
Q. Can a function return more than one value?: A. Not directly; use pointers or a structure.

Practical 23

Recursive functions

Aim: Write functions that call themselves, with a base case to stop.

QImplement recursive functions in a C program.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter a number: 6
6! = 720

#include <stdio.h>

long fact(int n)
{
    if (n <= 1)               /* base case */
        return 1;
    return n * fact(n - 1);   /* recursive call */
}

Output

How many terms? 10
Fibonacci: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

#include <stdio.h>

int fib(int n)
{
    if (n == 0) return 0;
    if (n == 1) return 1;
    return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2);
}

Output

Enter a number: 9876
Sum of digits = 30
Enter base and exponent: 2 10
2 ^ 10 = 1024

#include <stdio.h>

int sumDigits(int n)
{
    if (n == 0) return 0;
    return n % 10 + sumDigits(n / 10);
}

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. What is recursion?: A. A function calling itself.
Q. What is a base case?: A. The condition at which recursion stops.
Q. What happens without a base case?: A. Infinite calls until the stack overflows.
Q. Recursion vs loop?: A. Recursion is shorter for some problems but uses more memory (stack).

Practical 24Compulsory

Address and value of variables using pointers

Aim: Store the address of a variable in a pointer and read the value through it.

QPrint the addresses and values of variables using pointers.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Value of a = 25,   address = 0x7fff16f85108
Value of b = 4.75, address = 0x7fff16f8510c
Value of c = K,    address = 0x7fff16f85107
Size of a pointer = 8 bytes

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a = 25;      float b = 4.75f;    char c = 'K';
    int *pa = &a;    float *pb = &b;     char *pc = &c;

    printf("Value of a = %d,   address = %p\n", *pa, (void *)pa);

Output

Enter marks: 63
Before: marks = 63
After adding 5 grace marks: marks = 68
marks is stored at 0x7ffd2fa68e6c

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int marks;
    int *p = &marks;
    printf("Enter marks: ");
    scanf("%d", p);              /* p already holds the address */

Output

Enter two numbers: 11 99
Before swap: a = 11, b = 99
After swap : a = 99, b = 11

#include <stdio.h>

void swap(int *x, int *y)
{
    int t = *x;
    *x = *y;
    *y = t;
}

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. What is a pointer?: A. A variable that stores the address of another variable.
Q. Meaning of & and *?: A. & gives the address; * gives the value at an address.
Q. What is a NULL pointer?: A. A pointer that points to nothing (value NULL).
Q. Size of a pointer on a 64-bit system?: A. 8 bytes, whatever the data type.

Practical 25Compulsory

Arithmetic operations using pointers

Aim: Perform arithmetic on values through pointers and move pointers over an array.

QImplement C programs to perform arithmetic operations using pointers.

Showing answer A of 3 · tap A, B or C to see the others

Output

Enter two numbers: 15 4
Sum        = 19.00
Difference = 11.00
Product    = 60.00
Division   = 3.75

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    float a, b;
    float *p = &a, *q = &b;
    printf("Enter two numbers: ");
    scanf("%f %f", p, q);

Output

Address 0x7fffdc16ab50 holds 10
Address 0x7fffdc16ab54 holds 20
Address 0x7fffdc16ab58 holds 30
Address 0x7fffdc16ab5c holds 40
Address 0x7fffdc16ab60 holds 50
Address 0x7fffdc16ab64 holds 60
Sum = 210

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a[6] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60};
    int *p = a, i, sum = 0;

    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {

Output

Elements between start and end = 4
Highest marks = 91 at index 3

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int marks[5] = {67, 82, 45, 91, 73};
    int *start = &marks[0], *end = &marks[4], *p;
    int *best = start;

🎤 Viva questions (4)

Q. Which arithmetic is allowed on pointers?: A. Add or subtract an integer, subtract two pointers of the same array, compare them.
Q. If int *p holds 1000, what is p + 1?: A. 1004 (int is 4 bytes).
Q. Can two pointers be added?: A. No, adding two addresses has no meaning.
Q. Relation between array and pointer?: A. a[i] is the same as *(a + i).

Programming in C practicals — MSBTE

Install and study the C programming environment

C programs using constants and variables

Arithmetic operators

Implicit and explicit data type conversion

Formatted input / output statements

Relational and conditional operator

Logical operators

Bitwise operators

Simple if and if...else statement

Nested if...else and else-if ladder

Switch statement

Month name from number using switch

while loop and do...while loop

for loop

Patterns using loops

One-dimensional array

Two-dimensional array

String length and reverse without library functions

Structure in C

Array of structure

Built-in mathematical and string functions

User-defined functions

Recursive functions

Address and value of variables using pointers

Arithmetic operations using pointers